Pakistani Diamond Kundan Gold Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewellery 6

Pakistani Diamond Kundan Gold Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir.

Speaking on behalf of Engro Corp, Waqas Azhar, Brand Manager has said "We are pleased to join hands with the Citizens Archive of Pakistan in their efforts to preserve and promote Pakistan's heritage and history through the exhibition "The Birth of Pakistan". This exhibit is a very close reflection of what lies at the heart of Engro Corp: education, awareness, and pride in

the nation. The exhibition strongly mirrors Engro Corp's own spirit of revering the past: Heritage and history - things that define who we are and where we are going." 

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Pakistani Diamond Kundan Gold Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewellery 5

Pakistani Diamond Kundan Gold Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir.

 Speaking about the exhibit, Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy, president of The Citizens Archive of Pakistan has said 'The Birth of Pakistan' is one of the many community-outreach projects that lie at the heart of The Citizens Archive of Pakistan's work. We are a non-profit organization formed to foster, protect

and promote the cultur and history of Pakistan. We seek to educate the community, encourage an awareness of our nation's history and instill pride in Pakistani citizens about their heritage. With 'The Birth of Pakistan', we strove to present and recreate the early years of Pakistan's history in an

engaging and interactive manner for children. We believe the next generation of Pakistanis must appreciate and acknowledge the struggles and sacrifices of the first generation of Pakistanis in order to address the challenges that face our nation today."

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Pakistani Diamond Kudan Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewellery 4

Pakistani Diamond Kudan wedding Bridal Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir 

CAP's vision is to develop the foremost library and museum of Pakistani history, photography, culture, literature and historical documentation demonstrating the strength and spirit of Pakistan from the perspective of a citizen.  Indeed "The Birth of Pakistan" is a manifestation of this vision

where each story in this ehibit is part of a 'living history' experience

narrating important stories about the country and endeavouring to provide an engaging and thought-provoking window into the nation's past, present and future.

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Pakistani Diamond Kudan Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewellery 3

Pakistani Diamond Kundan Wedding Bridal Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir. 

For the first time in the country, the Citizens Archive of Pakistan [CAP] present an interactive exhibit designed specifically for children. "The Birth of Pakistan" strives to present and recreate the early years of Pakistan's history in an engaging and immersive

manner for younger audiences. The Birth of Pakistan is a three month exhibit, opening to the public on the historic 23rd of March at the Mohatta Palace Museum. In essence, "The Birth of Pakistan" takes audiences on a journey from the Lahore Resolution of 1940 through the struggle & sacrifices

made to achieve a Muslim homeland in 1947 and to explore the early days of the new nation of Pakistan, as it struggled to stand on its feet.

Historically, the exhibit will begin with the Lahore Resolution and move forward into the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks, The June 3rd Plan, Sindh in the 1940s, the Riots, the Journey to Pakistan, Refugee Lives, The Government of Pakistan, Welcome to Pakistan, Citizens of Pakistan, Karachi, 1947, The

first civil servants, Pioneers and Philanthropists, Pakistan Women's National Guard, Armed Forces, Industries and Education, All Pakistan Women's Association, Entertainment and Leisure and will end with Jinnah's Funeral. Each section of the exhibit has been independently curated

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Pakistani Wedding Bridal Ruby Diamond Fashion Jewellery 02

Pakistani Wedding Bridal Ruby Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir. 

After working at the platform of Lahore Division Sarafa & Jewellers Association and resolving issues confronting the jewellers’ community, during Yahya regime, it resolved the issue of 25% Excise Duty on jewellers and after one month jewellers’ strike it was converted into 10% Sales Tax.

During Bhutto government the new gram system was successfully introduced by the Lahore Division Sarafa & Jewellers Association, replacing the old tola, masha and rati. Lahore Division Sarafa & Jewellers Association also issued a pamphlet, removing the confusion and solving the old dispute originating between the customer and the shopkeeper at the time of sale of old jewellery and purchase of new one. 

This organization also helped resolved the controversy of section-410 to 414, regarding police harassment of jewellers. It got issued special instructions in this regard first from the IG Punjab and then from the Lahore High Court. The jewellers heaved a sigh of relief after this decision.

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Pakistani Diamond Wedding Bridal Jewellery 01

Pakistani Diamond Wedding Bridal Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir 

The earliest diamonds were found in India in 4th century BC, although the youngest of these deposits were formed 900 million years ago. A majority of these early stones were transported along the network of trade routes that connected India and China, commonly known as the Silk Road. At the time of their discovery, diamonds were valued because of their strength and brilliance, and for their ability to refract light and engrave metal. Diamonds were worn as adornments, used as cutting tools, served as a talisman to ward off evil, and were believed to provide protection in battle. In the Dark Ages, diamonds were also used as a medical aid and were thought to cure illness and heal wounds when ingested.

Surprisingly, diamonds share some common characteristics with coal. Both are composed of the most common substance on earth: carbon. What makes diamonds different from coal is the way the carbon atoms are arranged and how the carbon is formed. Diamonds are created when carbon is subjected to the extremely high pressures and temperatures found at the earth’s lithosphere, which lies approximately 90-240 miles below the earth’s surface.

Until the 18th century, India was thought to be the only source of diamonds. When the Indian diamond mines were depleted, the quest for alternate sources began. Although a small deposit was found in Brazil in 1725, the supply was not enough to meet world demands.

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Pakistani Fashion Wedding Bridal Diamond Ruby Jewellery 100

Pakistani Fashion Wedding Bridal Diamond Ruby Jewelry.

 By Samina Aamir 

Women of Pakistan are great admirers of jewelry because jewelry is taken as a status of a person in the society and is counted as the wealth of women. The upper rich class wears gold jewelry with diamonds, rubies, emeralds and pearls. Less wealthy wear gold with less precious stones, whereas poor class wear jewelry made of silver and base metal. Since jewelry shows the status and wealth of women, hence gold has 

an esteemed place as an investment.

The Jewelry tradition of Pakistan is a combination of tradition and modern designs and techniques. In Pakistan, jewelry is worn by all women, sometimes even men, irrespective of their social status. It communicates a message of love, hate, power, hierarchy and marriage. Gems and semi-precious stones are worn not only for the fashion purpose but, they are also worn under the prescription of astrologers and spiritual leaders. These gems and stones are believed to affect ones future and destiny and believed to have strong influence on the live of a person. These people wear particular stone or Gem, especially prescribed to them to protect them from evil.

Therefore in Pakistan you will find even an impoverished individual wearing at least ear studs that are or look like gold. Expensive jewels are not ceremonial symbols in Pakistan, even though they are used in abundance

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Pakistani Diamond Fashion Gold Jewellery 99

Pakistani Diamond Fashion Wedding Gold Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir. 

KARACHI: After years of planning, Pakistan’s gems and jewellery exports for the first time in history have crossed the psychological mark of $1 billion, which will earn the industry some respect in policymaking circles that appear to have neglected it for decades.

“The rise in gems and jewellery exports comes in the wake of investment by local enterprises in technology and innovation. Pakistanis are now investing in latest machinery that has never been the case before,” said Pakistan Gems and Jewellery Development Company (PGJDC) Chief Executive Bakhtiar Khan in an interview to The Express Tribune.

According to latest government figures, gems and jewellery exports hit $1.11 billion in the first nine months of the current fiscal year 2012-13 

compared to $580 million in the same period of previous year, showing an impressive growth of 91%.

What is startling is that exports for just nine months are 20% higher than exports worth $926 million for the whole of last year.

Explaining the reasons for the growth, Khan said Pakistan is moving from traditional to contemporary ways of jewellery manufacturing. “Our enterprises are now investing in value addition in both stones and jewellery,” he said.

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Pakistani Bridal Diamond Fashion Jewellery 98

Pakistani Bridal Diamond Fashion Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir.

In the 1870′s and 1880′s Kimberley, encompassing the mines that produced 95% of the world’s diamonds, was home to great wealth and fierce rivalries, most notably that between Cecil John Rhodes and Barney Barnato, English immigrants who consolidated early 31ft prospects into ever larger holdings and mining companies. In 1888, Rhodes prevailed and merged the holdings of those synonymous with diamonds. Today South Africa is one of the highest quality diamond producers.

Unlike the proverbial cat, one may expect the Premier Mine to enjoy only four lives. The first lasted from the discovery 

of the diamond pipe just before 1902 – and the formation of the Premier (Transvaal) Diamond Mining Company – until the outbreak of World War I when the mine was shut down and operated on a caretaker basis. By January of 1916 it was working again and production continued up to 1932 when mining operations ceased due to the depressed state of the diamond industry.

Working resumed in 1945, but its fourth life really began in 1979 with the opening up of the mine below the Gabbroe sill, 

a 70-meter geologic intrusion of barren rock which cuts right through the pipe some 400 meters below the surface. Production from this new source has not only given the mine its longest life, but one that should enable production to continue for another fifteen years.

In the early years of its existence, the Premier Mine produced many large diamonds, including, of course the Cullinan in 1905, and since working was restarted in 1945 the mine has continued to yield some exceptional stones.

One of the most exciting moments was early on Sunday, May 22nd, 1954, when a diamond measuring just under 51 mm long, just over 25 mm wide and 19 mm thick unexpectedly appeared on the grease tables at the recovery plant. It was immediately apparent to the officials present that this, later known

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Pakistani Emerald Diamond Fashion Gold Bridal Jewellery 97

Pakistani Emerald Diamond Fashion Gold Bridal Jewelry.

By Samina Aamir .

The Muslim League[edit]

The All-India Muslim League was founded on 30 December 1906, in the aftermath of partition of Bengal, on the sidelines of the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka.[71] The meeting was attended by three thousand delegates and presided over by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. It addressed the issue of safeguarding interests of Muslims and finalised a programme. A resolution, moved by Nawab Salimullah and seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan. Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk(conservative), declared:

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Pakistani Bridal wedding Diamond Ruby Jewellery collection 96

Pakistani Bridal wedding Diamond Ruby jewelry collection.

By Samina Aamir. 

Main articles: All-India Muslim League, Pakistan Movement, and Lahore Resolution

In 1877, Syed Ameer Ali had formed the Central National Muhammadan Association to work towards the political advancon declined towards the end of the 19th century.

ement of the Indian Muslims, who had suffered grievously in 1857, in the aftermath of the failed Sepoy Mutiny against the British East India Company; the British were seen as foreign invaders. But the organizati

Lord Minto met with the Muslim delegation in June 1906. The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates.

In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded as a forum, which later became a party, to promote a nationalist cause.[70] Although the Congress attempted to include the Muslim community in the struggle for independence from the British rule - and some Muslims were very active in 

the Congress - the majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the party, viewing it as a "Hindu-dominated" organization.[citation needed] Some Muslims felt that an independent united India would inevitably be "ruled by Hindus",[citation needed] and that there was a need to address the issue of the Muslim identity within India.[citation needed]

A turning point came in 1900, when the British administration in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh acceded to Hindu demands and made Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, the official language. The proslytisation conducted in the region by the activists of a new Hindu reformist movement also stirred Muslim's concerns about their faith. Eventually, the

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Pakistani Diamond Emerald Gold Jewellery 95

Pakistani Diamond Emerald Gold Jewelry.

By Samina aamir 

Main article: British heritage of Pakistan

Queen Victoria

The entire territory of modern Pakistan was occupied by the East India Company, later coming under the rule of Queen Victoria of the British Empire, through a series of wars, the main ones being the Battle of Miani (1843) in Sindh, the gruelling Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849) and the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1919), to remain a part of British empire until the freedom in 1947.

The physical presence of the British was minimal; they employed "Divide and Rule" political strategy to remain in power. In his historical survey Constantine's Sword, James P. Carroll writes: "Certainly that was the story of the British Empire's success, and its legacy of nurtured local hatreds can be seen wherever the Union Flag flew." .[69] The administrative units of British India under the tenancy or the sovereignty of either the East India Company or the British Crown lasted between 1612 and 1947.

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Pakistani Diamond Ruby Wedding Jewelry 94

Pakistani Diamond Ruby Wedding Jewelry.

By Samina aamir  

Main article: Sikh Empire

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, born in Gujranwala, Punjab. He was referred to as the "Maharaja of Lahore".

The Sikh Empire (1799–1849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by Maharaja Ranjit Singh who was proclaimed "Sarkar-i-Khalsa", and was referred to as the "Maharaja of Lahore".[66] It consisted of a collection of autonomous Punjabi Misls, which were governed by Misldars,[67] mainly in the Punjab region. The empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to 

Multan in the south and Kapurthala in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The formation of the empire was a watershed and represented the resurgence of the local culture and power which had been subdued for hundreds of years by Afghan and Mughal rule.

The foundations of the Sikh Empire, during the time of the Punjabi Army, could be defined as early as 1707, starting from the death of Aurangzeb. The fall of the Mughal Empire provided opportunities for the Punjabi army to lead expeditions against the Mughals and Pashtuns. This led to a growth of the army, which was split into different Punjabi armies and then semi-independent "misls". Each of these component armies were known as a misl, each controlling different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762–1799, Sikh rulers of their misls appeared to be coming into their own. The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the disbandment of the

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Pakistani Diamond Ruby Fashion Jewellery 93

Pakistani Diamond RubyFashion Jewelry.

By Farzana Aamir.  

In 1758 the Maratha Empire's general Raghunath Rao marched onwards, attacked and conquered Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kashmir and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Lahore, Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Peshawar, Kashmir and other subahs on the south eastern side of Afghanistan's border were under the Maratha rule for the most part.[62] From Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kashmir, the Marathas were driven out only after four years. 

Durrani reconquest[edit]

In 1761, following the victory at the Third battle of Panipat between the Durrani and the Maratha Empire, Ahmad Shah Abdali captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and had re-consolidated control over them.

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Pakistani Bridal Diamond Jewellery 92

Pakistani Bridal Diamond Jewelry.

By Farzana Aamir. 

Afsharid dynasty[edit]

Sindh silver rupee found in south east Pakistan, under the Afsharid Shahs of Iran 18th century.

The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the military commander Nader Shah. After defaeting Afghans and capturing Kandahar In 1738, he invaded Mughal Empire. He captured whole of the modern-day Pakistan and defeated the Mughal army at the huge Battle of Karnal on 13 February 1739. After this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. In Delhi he massacred 30,000 people and captured a lot of wealth.[60]

Durrani Empire[edit]

Map of durrani Empire in 1747

After Nadir Shah's death, in 1747 Ahmad Shah Abdali the Afghan general of Nader Shah declared independence and Established "Durrani Empire", which encompassed present-day Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan (including the Panjdeh oasis), most of Pakistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir region. Early in 1757, he sacked Delhi, but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over the Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir.

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Pakistani Bridal Fashion diamond Gold Jewellery 91

Pakistani Bridal Fashion diamond Gold Jewelry.

By Farzana Aamir. 

Main article: Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire at its peak

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.[59] The Mughals were descended from Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri who was from Bihar state of India, in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah died, his son Islam Shah Suri became the ruler, on whose death his prime minister, Hemu ascended the throne and ruled North India from Delhi for one month. He was defeated by Emperor Akbar's forces in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Akbar the Great, was both a capable ruler and an early proponent of religious and ethnic tolerance and favored an early form of multiculturalism. He declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism and rolled back the jizya tax imposed upon non-Islamic mainly Hindu people. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the South Asia by 1600. The Mughal emperors married local royalty and allied themselves with local maharajas. For a short time in the late 16th century, Lahore was the capital of the empire. The architectural legacy of the Mughals in Lahore includes the Shalimar Gardens built by the fifth Emperor Shahjahan, and the Badshahi Mosque built by the sixth Emperor, Aurangzeb, who is regarded as the last Great Mughal Emperor as he expanded the domain to its zenith. After his demise, different regions of modern Pakistan began asserting independence. The empire went into a slow decline after 1707 and its last sovereign, ruling around Delhi region.

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Pakistani Diamond Girls Bridal Jewellery 90

Pakistani Diamond Girls Bridal Jewelry.

By Samina aamir.  

The sultans (emperors) of Delhi enjoyed cordial relations with rulers in the Near East but owed them no allegiance. While the sultans ruled from urban centers, their military camps and trading posts provided the nuclei for many towns that sprang up in the countryside. Close interaction with local populations led to cultural exchange and the resulting "Indo-Islamic" fusion has left a lasting imprint and legacy in South Asian architecture, music, literature, life style and religious customs. In addition, the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period, as a result of the mingling of speakers of native Prakrits, Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages.

Perhaps the greatest contribution of the Sultanate was its temporary success in insulating South Asia from the Mongol invasion from Central Asia in the 13th century; nonetheless the sultans eventually lost Afghanistan and western Pakistan to the Mongols (see the Ilkhanate Dynasty). The Sultanate declined after the invasion of Emperor Timur, who founded the Timurid Dynasty, and was eventually conquered in 1526 by the Mughal king Babar.

Guru Nanak (1469–1539), was born in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called Nankana, near Sial in modern-day Pakistan into a Hindu Khatri family. He was an influential religious and social reformer of north India and the saintly founder of a modern monotheistic order and first of the ten divine Gurus of Sikh Religion. At the age of 70, he had a miraculous death in Cartarpur, Punjab of modern-day Pakistan. Sikhism was created and would continue to grow; its followers, the Sikhs, would politicalise and militarise to play a historic role later.

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Pakistani Diamond Girls Fashion Bridal Jewellery 89

Pakistani Diamond Girls Fashion Bridal Jewelry.

By Samina aamir.  

Delhi Sultanate[edit]

Main articles: Muhammad Ghori, Delhi Sultanate, and Timurid Dynasty

In 1160, Muhammad Ghori, a Turkic ruler, conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids and became its governor in 1173. He for the first time named

Sindh Tambade Gatar roughly translated as the red passage. He marched eastwards into the remaining Ghaznavid territory and Gujarat in the 1180s, but was rebuffed by Gujarat's Hindu Solanki rulers. In 1186–87, he conquered Lahore, bringing the last of Ghaznevid territory under his control and ending the Ghaznavid empire. Muhammad Ghori's successors established the Delhi Sultanate. The Turkic origin Mamluk Dynasty, (mamluk means "owned" and referred to the Turkic youths bought and trained as soldiers who became rulers throughout the Islamic world), seized the throne of the Sultanate in 1211. Several Central 

Asian Turkic dynasties ruled their empires from Delhi: the Mamluk (1211–90), the Khalji (1290–1320), the Tughlaq (1320–1413), the Sayyid (1414–51) and the Lodhi (1451–1526). Although some kingdoms remained independent of Delhi – in Gujarat, Malwa (central India), Bengal and Deccan – almost all of the Indus plain came under the rule of these large sultanates.

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Pakistani Diamond Girls Fashion Bridal Jewellery 88

Pakistani Diamond Girls Fashion Bridal Jewelry.

By Samina aamir.  

Main article: Ghaznavid Empire

Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent

In 997 CE, Mahmud of Ghazni, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sebuktegin, a Turkic origin ruler. Starting from the city of Ghazni (now in Afghanistan), Mehmood conquered the bulk of Khorasan, marched on Peshawar against the Hindu Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of Punjab (1007), deposed the Shia Ismaili rulers of Multan, (1011), Kashmir (1015) and Qanoch (1017). By the end of his reign in 1030, Mahmud's empire extended from Kurdistan in the west to the Yamuna river in the east, and the Ghaznavid dynasty lasted until 1187. Contemporary historians such as Abolfazl Beyhaqi and Ferdowsi described extensive building work in Lahore, as well as Mahmud's support and patronage of learning, literature and the arts.

Mahmud's successors, known as the Ghaznavids, ruled for 157 years. Their kingdom gradually shrank in size, and was racked by bitter succession struggles. The Ghaznavids lost the western part of their kingdom (in present-day Iran) to the expanding Seljuk Turks. The Hindu Rajput kingdoms of western India reconquered the eastern Punjab, and by the 1160s, the line of demarcation between the Ghaznavid state and the Hindu kingdoms approximated to the present-day boundary between India and Pakistan. The Ghurid Empire of central Afghanistan occupied Ghazni around 1160, and the Ghaznavid capital was shifted to Lahore.Later Muhammad Ghori conquered the Ghaznavid kingdom, occupying Lahore in 1187.[58]

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