Pakistani Diamond Ruby Fashion Jewellery 93

Pakistani Diamond RubyFashion Jewelry.

By Farzana Aamir.  

In 1758 the Maratha Empire's general Raghunath Rao marched onwards, attacked and conquered Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kashmir and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Lahore, Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Peshawar, Kashmir and other subahs on the south eastern side of Afghanistan's border were under the Maratha rule for the most part.[62] From Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kashmir, the Marathas were driven out only after four years. 

Durrani reconquest[edit]

In 1761, following the victory at the Third battle of Panipat between the Durrani and the Maratha Empire, Ahmad Shah Abdali captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and had re-consolidated control over them.

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Pakistani Bridal Diamond Jewellery 92

Pakistani Bridal Diamond Jewelry.

By Farzana Aamir. 

Afsharid dynasty[edit]

Sindh silver rupee found in south east Pakistan, under the Afsharid Shahs of Iran 18th century.

The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the military commander Nader Shah. After defaeting Afghans and capturing Kandahar In 1738, he invaded Mughal Empire. He captured whole of the modern-day Pakistan and defeated the Mughal army at the huge Battle of Karnal on 13 February 1739. After this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. In Delhi he massacred 30,000 people and captured a lot of wealth.[60]

Durrani Empire[edit]

Map of durrani Empire in 1747

After Nadir Shah's death, in 1747 Ahmad Shah Abdali the Afghan general of Nader Shah declared independence and Established "Durrani Empire", which encompassed present-day Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan (including the Panjdeh oasis), most of Pakistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir region. Early in 1757, he sacked Delhi, but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over the Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir.

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Pakistani Bridal Fashion diamond Gold Jewellery 91

Pakistani Bridal Fashion diamond Gold Jewelry.

By Farzana Aamir. 

Main article: Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire at its peak

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.[59] The Mughals were descended from Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri who was from Bihar state of India, in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah died, his son Islam Shah Suri became the ruler, on whose death his prime minister, Hemu ascended the throne and ruled North India from Delhi for one month. He was defeated by Emperor Akbar's forces in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Akbar the Great, was both a capable ruler and an early proponent of religious and ethnic tolerance and favored an early form of multiculturalism. He declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism and rolled back the jizya tax imposed upon non-Islamic mainly Hindu people. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the South Asia by 1600. The Mughal emperors married local royalty and allied themselves with local maharajas. For a short time in the late 16th century, Lahore was the capital of the empire. The architectural legacy of the Mughals in Lahore includes the Shalimar Gardens built by the fifth Emperor Shahjahan, and the Badshahi Mosque built by the sixth Emperor, Aurangzeb, who is regarded as the last Great Mughal Emperor as he expanded the domain to its zenith. After his demise, different regions of modern Pakistan began asserting independence. The empire went into a slow decline after 1707 and its last sovereign, ruling around Delhi region.

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